Monday, February 10, 2025

Aurora Watercolor: Auroras & Solar Storms Seminar

By Maddie Leung, Redwood High School

    I painted this watercolor after being inspired by the incredible photos Dr. Laura Peticolas showed at her seminar, "Auroras & Solar Storms". She showed the audience a variety of auroras from all over the world: breathtaking ribbons of light, diffused auras of pink and green, and colorful streaks set against an inky sky.

    I could brush up on the composition of my work, but overall it was fun trying a wet-on-wet technique with the sky to achieve that streaky look of the auroras. In any case, it was fascinating to learn how this nighttime phenomenon occurred. We explored Earth's magnetic fields and auroras, including how auroras form from solar activity and where they appear. Dr. Peticolas also shared her experience with finding her passion and how that guided her education and career journey. Now, enjoy some fun aurora facts!

View from the International Space Station (Image Credits: NASA)


1. Astronauts Can See Auroras From Space
Astronauts aboard the International Space Station have captured incredible images of auroras from orbit. Satellites and space probes have also observed auroras on Earth and other planets like Jupiter and Saturn. From space, auroras appear as swirling bands of green, red, and purple lights over the poles. Dr. Peticolas explained that astronauts sit in the Copula Module where they have a clear view of space and are able to take pictures. 

2. They Are Created By Solar Storms & Winds
The northern lights occur when charged particles from the Sun’s solar wind interact with Earth’s magnetic field, getting drawn into the poles and colliding with gases like oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen in the atmosphere. These collisions release energy as light when they cool down after being "excited", creating the aurora’s glow. The most vibrant displays happen during solar storms, when massive bursts of plasma (which are made up of electrons and protons), are chucked from the Sun and travel through space, carrying their own magnetic fields. 

5. Aurora Can Be 50 - 370 Miles Up In The Sky

Auroras can occur at altitudes ranging from 50 to 370 miles above Earth’s surfaceTheir altitude depends on the type of charged particles from the solar wind and how they interact with different atmospheric gases, which also influences the colors seen in the auroral display. If you were to drive up to the average aurora 200 miles up in the sky, it would take you two and half hours to get there going eighty miles an hour. 


3. They Look Different In Real Life 
In low-light conditions, our eyes rely more on rod cells, which are good at detecting motion and shapes but not color. This means auroras may appear as faint green, gray, or whitish streaks to the naked eye. Cameras, on the other hand, have long exposure settings and can capture more vibrant colors, such as deep greens, purples, and reds. Dr. Peticolas shared a funny story about her sister not being able to see the auroras in her backyard until she took a picture of them- so don't be fooled by the dramatic pictures!

5. Auroras Occur on Other Planets 
Auroras aren't exclusive to Earth; they've been observed on other planets in our solar system, such as Jupiter and Saturn. These auroras are often much more intense than those on Earth due to stronger magnetic fields and different atmospheres.











Interested in learning more about auroras? Visit https://science.nasa.gov/sun/auroras/

Sources
NASA. (2025, February 4). Auroras - NASA Science. NASA. https://science.nasa.gov/sun/auroras/

Dobrijevic, D., & Waldek, S. (2022, March 13). Northern Lights (Aurora Borealis): What they are and how to see them. Space.com. https://www.space.com/15139-northern-lights-auroras-earth-facts-sdcmp.html#:~:text=Auroras%20tell%20us%20many%20things,and%20how%20it%20changes%20dynamically.

10 awesome Aurora Facts. 10 awesome aurora facts - Social Media Blog - Bureau of Meteorology. (n.d.). https://media.bom.gov.au/social/blog/1114/10-awesome-aurora-facts/

Notes taken from Dr. Laura Peticolas' seminar "Auroras & Solar Storms" 


Photos by NASA.gov on Commons.Wikimedia.org and may be used for educational purposes with credit


Wednesday, October 30, 2024

Crochet Seagull: Studying Sea Birds Seminar

 By Sahiti Namburu, Terra Linda High School


After going to the Marine Wildlife off our Coasts: Studying Sea birds, Marine Mammals and More seminar by Meredith Elliott and learning about different species of birds and our ocean, I decided this was the perfect opportunity to use my crochet skills to make a seagull! Meredith Elliot, a Principal Scientist for Point Blue’s California, came to the Marin Science Seminar on Oct. 30 to teach students about ocean acidification and different types of investigations to find the diets and populations of marine animals. This work hugely motivated me to create this piece, to connect art and the environment together.


A crochet white seagull sitting on top of a tube
Handmade Crochet Seagull by Sahiti Namburu 



Learn more about the Marin Science Seminar here: https://marinscienceseminar.com/


Additional Information about Marine Life and Meredith Elliott can be found here: https://marinscienceseminar.com/marine-wildlife-off-our-coasts-studying-sea-birds-marine-mammals-and-more/


Wednesday, October 9, 2024

When Tides Turn: Embracing Change in California’s Wetlands - an Interview with Julie Gonzalez, Ph.D

By Maddie Leung, Redwood High School

California boasts 2.9 million acres of wetlands, with 90% of the remaining tidal wetlands in the San Francisco Bay1. Wetlands are some of the most dynamic and essential ecosystems on the planet, supporting biodiversity, filtering water, and helping combat climate change by acting as powerful carbon sinks. But as sea levels rise and invasive species spread, these habitats face mounting pressure. Dr. Julie Gonzalez, who earned a Ph.D. from UC Davis in Ecology, is researching how these ecosystems adapt to climate change and how we can protect them. In this interview, she shares what makes wetlands so fascinating, the biggest challenges they face in Marin, and how we can all play a role in their preservation.

Dr. Julie Gonzalez

1. Wetlands play a crucial role in supporting biodiversity and protecting our environment. What aspects of these ecosystems do you find the most fascinating?

I’m amazed by how everything in a wetland is connected. Each part of the system, from the plants and animals to the water and soil, works together and responds differently to environmental changes. My work focuses on figuring out how these systems react to different challenges. By understanding this, we can figure out the best ways to maintain and improve wetland health now and in the future.

 

2. What are some of the biggest challenges estuaries and wetlands in Marin currently face?

Two big challenges are invasive species and sea-level rise. Invasive species are plants and animals that move into wetlands and can sometimes harm local ecosystem functioning by outcompeting native species. On top of that, sea-level rise is a challenge we have to plan for. Wetlands are amazing at adapting, but these two issues create a lot of pressure. My goal is to study how they affect wetlands to plan for a future where these ecosystems are better protected.

 

3. Have you observed any changes in the health or size of Marin’s wetlands over the past few years?

Suisin Marsh (Image by Steve Martarano)
Yes! Being part of the wetland science community in San Francisco Bay is exciting because we’ve seen a lot of positive changes recently. Many restoration projects have helped improve the health of wetlands around the Bay. While things like sea-level rise and invasive species can feel overwhelming, it’s inspiring to see how much progress is being made through the hard work of scientists and land managers.

4. You mentioned that the National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERR) collects data from estuaries and wetlands around the U.S. How is this information utilized to benefit our local wetlands?

The NERR system is a network of wetland scientists and managers all over the country. We share ideas and learn from each other. For example, if a reserve on the East Coast finds a creative way to deal with an invasive species, we can see if that approach would work here in the Bay Area. Similarly, we share our successes so other reserves can learn from what’s working in California.

 

5. How can the local community get involved in wetland preservation?

There are so many ways for people to help! Organizations like Save the Bay host community events where you can help plant native wetland species or remove invasive plants. These hands-on activities are a great way to connect with nature and make a real difference in protecting our local ecosystems.


You can watch Julie Gonzalez and Becca Moris' seminar here: https://vimeo.com/1022368761


Interested in protecting the wetlands? To get involved with your community and conserve your local ecosystem, visit https://savesfbay.org/



Photo of Dr. Julie Gonzalez from LinkedIn. "Suisin Marsh Overlook" by Steve Martarano is licensed under CC BY 2.0. 

1 GREENING THE BAY FINANCING WETLAND RESTORATION IN SAN FRANCISCO BAY. (2019). Save the Bay.



Wednesday, September 25, 2024

Hazardous Waste Drawing

By Sahiti Namburu, Terra Linda High School

This drawing of hazardous materials and symbols is inspired by Julie Pettijohn's seminar, Dangerous Materials: How California Protects Communities and the Environment from Hazardous Waste. Julia has an MPH and CIH for California Department of Toxic Substances Control. During this seminar on September 25, she shared her experience of becoming a program manager in this department and showed the different types of hazardous/dangerous materials frequently found and dealt with. This illustration incorporates some toxic items that should be disposed of correctly. The purpose of the piece is to raise awareness about the dangers of hazardous waste to the environment.

An Illustration showing many objects that are toxic to the environment such as batteries, oil, paints, electronics, etc.
Illustration of Hazardous Waste and Materials Drawing by Sahiti Namburu

Thursday, September 19, 2024

An Interview with Eric Rubenstahl about "Marin Agricultural Land Trust: Stewarding Marin’s Working Lands”

By Maddie Leung, Redwood High School

What if the key to our future lies in the very land we stand on? Eric Rubenstahl, the Associate Director of Stewardship at the Marin Agricultural Land Trust (MALT), has turned his love for the outdoors into a career focused on land preservation. Land conservation includes various practices aimed at protecting our natural resources, promoting biodiversity, and ensuring that land is used sustainably for future generations. This work involves collaborating with family-owned farms to create conservation easements, encouraging responsible land management, and restoring habitats that support local wildlife. As he addresses the challenges of climate change and urban development, Eric is dedicated to finding creative solutions that balance environmental health with community needs. In this interview, he shares his journey into conservation, the important work MALT is doing to adapt to our changing climate, and how we can all help preserve the landscapes we cherish while supporting thriving communities. Let’s explore what it really takes to protect our land for future generations!

1. What inspired you to pursue a career in land preservation, and what advice would you offer to someone interested in this field based on your previous experiences?

From a young age, the forests and open space that surrounded where I grew up in Connecticut provided strong foundational memories. The trail systems and forested hills served as a place of adventure, learning, and connection to people and place. I wanted to turn my connection with the outdoor world into a career path, so I concentrated my studies during college on environmental science and geography. After graduation, I had several jobs in Utah and Colorado focused on conservation work. After about six years of working, I enrolled in the Conservation Leadership program at Colorado State University. This graduate program was more of a professional track vs. a more traditional research track and helped narrow my career focus to the human dimensions of natural resource management. I would encourage students to enroll in college programs that help develop technical skills for working in conservation and the crucial soft skills of collaborating with people and teams. Programs that train students to work at the nexus of people and the natural environment are becoming more prevalent. Having an internship or finding an entry-level position early in one’s career can be informative and provide insight and context to the world of working in conservation.

2. From MALT's founding in 1980 to today, our understanding of climate change has significantly expanded. Has climate change shaped MALT's work and focus over the last 20 years, and how?

Yes, MALT has a heightened awareness of the shifting climate and threats that result from recent climate trends. For example, increased temperatures and longer periods of drought are events that the community has observed. MALT is working within five pillars that guide our work: 

1) Preserve Agriculture

 2) Protect Biodiversity 

3) Build Climate Resilience 

4) Connect our Community and 

5) Strengthen the Organization. 

These five pillars are all interconnected, but the “Build Climate Resilience” pillar most

Marin County landscape
Marin County (Image by Mike McBey)
squarely addresses the shifting climate. Some of our work within this pillar includes providing )technical assistance and funding to farmers and ranchers to plan, design, and implement climate-smart solutions into their ranch operations. MALT supports and encourages durable solutions to help reduce economic barriers while increasing climate and operational resilience.

3. With MALT's vision of improving both the well-being of the ecosystems in Marin and the financial security of farm operations, are there any instances where these two priorities come into conflict with each other? If so, how have you approached them?

As part of the process of acquiring a conservation easement, MALT creates an Agricultural Management Plan to help understand the carrying capacity of the land. MALT works closely with the landowner and a certified rangeland manager to discuss the agricultural capacity of the landscape. We also discuss what other opportunities exist to help diversify income streams for the ranch. Our goal is to outline a guiding document that harmonizes the ecological, agricultural, and economic goals of the ranch. We promote healthy and diverse ecosystems with thriving wildlife habitats while the producer works the land creating nutrient-rich wholesome food for the region.

4. What does success look like for MALT in ten years? How do you measure success in your field of work?

There are many ways to measure success at MALT. If the community is thriving, growing, innovating and ranches are maintaining healthy agricultural production rates, then MALT is successful. From a programmatic standpoint, if MALT is closing one to three conservation easements per year, we consider that successful land protection. MALT also has a tangible impact through our stewardship grant work. Success can be measured by the amount of dollars invested into ongoing conservation projects or the impact of those projects. For example, how many miles of riparian fence or how many livestock water systems were installed could be two impact-based metrics to measure success. Other forms of success come in softer forms such as the strength of our relationships with the agricultural community, our donors, and the public. Success is measured in how people receive our message and the interaction we have with the broader regional community and beyond. Success is when the public receives a clear, accurate message of our conservation work and when we are fully supporting a thriving and economically stable working landscape in West Marin.

5. How do you think communities should balance the growing need for affordable housing and land preservation? Are there certain areas that are more appropriate for building?

Affordable housing and land conservation are both important for our survival and lifestyle. There are existing systems and policies at the county level that help guide a lot of this work. If those systems and policies are not balanced, or they are not accomplishing the goals, then they should be reevaluated. Zoning is another key factor that can help shape the land use. Historically in Marin County, the area straddling the Highway 101 corridor is flatter and has high-density residential zoning. The steep, hilly topography of the central part of the county serves as a challenge for building affordable housing. In addition, a lot of the land is owned by public agencies such as Marin Municipal Water District and Golden Gate National Recreation Area. At MALT we promote safe agricultural worker housing in good condition to sustain the ranch operation. We also value when structures and homes are clustered. This philosophy could be effective in a broader sense too, where housing is clustered and built in areas that have been identified by the county as smart growth zones.

You can watch Eric Rubenstahl's Marin Science Seminar presentation here: https://vimeo.com/1014183576  

To learn more about the fascinating topic of Marin County's land preservation and the Marin Agricultural Land Trust, visit their website at malt.org 

Visit marinscienceseminar.com to view upcoming seminars and Eric Rubenstahl's event summary. 

Photo of Eric Rubenstahl from malt.org. "Marin County" by Mike McBey is licensed under CC BY 2.0.


Wednesday, September 18, 2024

Landscape Drawing: M.A.L.T. Seminar

  By Sahiti Namburu, Terra Linda High School

I created this piece of artwork after attending the Marin Agricultural Land Trust (M.A.L.T.): Stewarding Marin’s Working Lands seminar and learning about their mission to conserve agricultural land. This seminar took place on September 18th, 2024, and was led by Eric Rubenstahl, an Associate Director of Stewardship. M.A.L.T. assists local farmers and ranchers by providing them with grants and funding opportunities. Since M.A.L.T.'s main focus is on land, I was inspired to draw mountains and hills filled with California Poppies.


Landscape drawing filled with mountains and hills in the background, a lake, more land in the foreground, and California poppies.
A Landscape drawing of land and flowers inspired by the M.A.L.T seminar




Learn more about the Marin Science Seminar here


Additional Information about M.A.L.T and
Eric Rubenstahl can be found here

Visit the M.A.L.T Website here

Sunday, June 2, 2024

5 Ways Big Data can Help us

 by Lorena Salvado, San Marin High School 

Data storage centers


Big Data, or large data sets are used to train machines and programs (using specific algorithms) to identify and solve problems in our world. Many machine learning algorithms focus on identifying images and recognizing early symptoms of many illnesses, helping patients and doctors alike. Many other algorithms work around predicting our voting and economic futures- each equally important. All of these algorithms are fueled by large data sets, or Big Data, which help train the machine ( or AI) and help it in making more accurate predictions and decisions. 

Many researchers, such as Abby Smith who came to Marin Science Seminar and talked about the benefits of Big Data in her talk :“Data Science for Social Good”, use these algorithms to predict and help marginalized communities. These data collections and datasets help many other organizations in determining help to deliver as well as keeping track of the issues within these communities. 

So, given that there are many opportunities to help using Big Data, here are 5 different and positive ways Big Data is being used to help those who need it. 


1. Tracking and Helping the Homelessness Crisis

One of the main projects Smith worked on, was a predictive and preventative program for individuals that were at close future risk of homelessness in Allegheny County. Her work involved taking data from numerous individuals as well as taking previous homelessness data and patterns and applying it to the current situations. From these programs she can understand who is at a higher risk of near homelessness, and from there the Allegheny County Department of Human Services could intervene and further help these people. This was a very impactful project as it helped many people that were at risk of homelessness. 

2. Local data for Local people 

The Native BioData Consortium (NBDC) is a database run by Native Americnas focused on gathering information about Native Americans. This big data ranges from public healthy COVID-19 surveillance and tracking to the study and documentation of chronic diseases and effects of medicine. This research and data helps foster trust within these communities as well as incorporate more aspects of their lives into science (by incorporating biological, ecological, sociological factors into the data alongside the data itself). It is also used to encourage and teach future Native American scientists and improve their tribes and communities. 

3. Language Preservation and Research 

Language preservation has become a big issue in the recent decades. As predicted by UNESCO, 90% of the world’s languages could disappear within the next 80 years. This means that many small indigenous communities will lose their languages, due to assimilation or benign overtaken in importance and significance by outside cultures and languages. Languages are a very important part of culture, with many aspects of the culture being carried by the spoken or written language. To preserve these languages many have launched large Data Science for Good projects, such as Google’s Wallaroo project. These projects collect large data about endangered languages, their syntax, their phonetic sounds, and their cultural importance. Documenting these endangered languages helps us preserve our cultures and use machine learning algorithms to teach it back to future generations, or simply to understand the language patterns better. Another example of language preservation can be seen in the work done for extinct languages. For example, many Native American languages were lost due to colonization and years of forced assimilation. Many of these languages did not have written forms for us to historically trace back and find. Many language based algorithms are using the little oral data that there is on these languages to predict and “fill in” ( phonetically, grammatically ect) what these languages might have sounded like. This helps many historians and Native communities as they have better chances at recovering their languages and cultures. 

4. Track and prevent Avian Influenza Risk 

During the 2020/2021 Avian influenza outbreak, a team in Korea decided to make a large database containing cases of avian influenza as well as its early stages. This data was later used in many algorithms across the country to help identify and track cases of avian influenza, which helped mitigate the infections and the effects of the illness. Today, with a widespread outbreak of avian influenza going around - with cases even spreading outside of the avian world ( such as cattle and even humans now ! ) large data and algorithms like these are needed. By having a lot of information on the patterns and spread of illnesses, we can better protect our own communities and lessen their spread . 

5. Help Businesses target their consumers better

This is by far one of the most widespread uses of Big Data in our current, modern world. Many businesses ranging from social media platforms, to small business, to large companies all seeking to advertise and adapt to their consumer base  use some sort of data collection systems to keep track of their consumericus. Many businesses have a certain demographic of people in mind to sell their products to ( ex: A business selling paints will want to market their products to other painters or artists looking for paint ) and collecting big data about individual users on platforms or internet browsing helps these businesses target their advertisements in a more accurate way. 


From preventing and tracking homelessness factors, to helping businesses run smoothly and make more profit, to predicting and keeping track of global diseases and preserving and predicting historical and lesser spoken languages, big data and algorithms play a huge role in our world. More and more data is produced every day, and every machine learning algorithm becomes more accurate and more efficient than the last one. These crucial algorithms can help not only our world, in the domains of business, finance, and homelessness, but also the world that we live in, tracking avian flu cases, and predicting natural disasters or helping spaceflights run smoother. And of course, these are just some of the ways that large data sets can be used to help people and improve algorithms. A few more examples can be seen in depth in Abby Smith’s talk at Marin Science Seminar, which can be seen here : "Data Science for Social Good" 

More information on Abby Smith’s work: https://marinscienceseminar.com/data-science-for-social-good/  , https://abbylsmith.me/  ,https://www.dssgfellowship.org/

Visit our future Marin Science Seminar talks on the official Marin Science Seminar Website : https://marinscienceseminar.com/








Aurora Watercolor: Auroras & Solar Storms Seminar

By Maddie Leung, Redwood High School      I painted this watercolor after being inspired by the incredible photos Dr. Laura Peticolas showed...

About Us

Marin Science Seminar is a one-hour science lecture/presentation with a question and answer period open to all interested local teenagers, educators and community. Seminar sessions are held 12 Wednesday evenings during the school year, from 7:30 to 8:30 pm in the Innovation Hub at Terra Linda High School, 320 Nova Albion Way, San Rafael. Seminar speakers are scientists, mathematicians, engineers, physicians, technologists and computer programmers. The topics presented are in a specific area of the speaker’s expertise, geared to interested high school students.